As the following examples will show, animals are mentioned in many different contexts:
| text
|
context
| The Laws of King Stephen I
|
|
|
| "...if anyone will be found working on Sunday with an ox, the ox will be confiscated and given to the men of the castle to be eaten..." (Stephen I: 8).
|
Relation: the same is for a horse (Stephen I: 8) - but it can be redeemed with an ox...
|
| horse "...if anyone will be found working on Sunday with a horse - the horse will be confiscated - it can be redeemed with an ox.."
|
Relation: similar regulation relating working with an ox - should be taken and given to the men of the castle to be eaten (Stephen I: 8).
|
| "...if someone eats meat on Ember days he shall be incarcerated for a week...(King Stephen I: 10)"
|
Relation: same punishment imposed for eating meat on Friday (Stephen I: 11); on the other hand Ishmaelits were forced to eat pork meat (Coloman: 46; Coloman: 49); Latins were forced to abstain from meat on Mondays and Tuesdays (the canons of the synod of Szabolcs - art. 31).
|
| "...if someone eats meat on Friday he shall be incarcerated for a week (King Stephen I: 11)..."
|
Relation: same punishment imposed for eating meat on Ember days (Stephen I: 10); on the other hand Ishmaelits were forced to eat pork meat (Coloman: 46; Coloman: 49); Latins were forced to abstain from meat on Mondays and Tuesdays (the canons of the synod of Szabolcs - art. 31).
|
| "...ispan is obliged to pay fifty young oxen to the kindred of his wife which he killed; warrior or wealthy man ten; commoner five (King Stephen I: 15)"
|
Relation: crimes obviously punished by composition in young oxen in laws of the first kings (Stephen I: 17; Stephen I: 21; Stephen I: 25; Stephen I: 27; Stephen I: 32; Stephen I: 35; Stephen II: 4; Stephen II: 6; Ladislas III: 29)
|
| "... perjury is punished by loss of hand or its redemption with fifty young oxen; in case of commoner twelve young oxen (King Stephen I: 17)"
|
Relation: crimes obviously punished by fine in young oxen in laws of the first kings - Stephen I: 15; Stephen I: 21; Stephen I: 25; Stephen I: 27; Stephen I: 32; Stephen I: 35; Stephen II: 4; Stephen II: 6; Ladislas III: 29)..."
|
| "... procuring liberty for a bondman of other person is punished by fine of fifty young oxen; in case of commoner twelve young oxen (King Stephen I: 21)"
|
Relation: crimes obviously punished by fine in young oxen in laws of the first kings (Stephen I: 15; Stephen I: 17; Stephen I: 25; Stephen I: 27; Stephen I: 32; Stephen I: 35; Stephen II: 4; Stephen II: 6; Ladislas III: 29)
|
| "...for beating a person looking for fled warrior or bondman a fine of ten young oxen is imposed (King Stephen I: 25)"
|
Relation: crimes obviously punished by fine in young oxen in laws of the first kings (Stephen I: 15; Stephen I: 17; Stephen I: 21; Stephen I: 27; Stephen I: 32; Stephen I: 35; Stephen II: 4; Stephen II: 6; Ladislas III: 29)
|
| "...or abduction of a girl abductor pays ten young oxen; commoner five young oxen (King Stephen I: 27)"
|
Relation: crimes obviously punished by fine in young oxen in laws of the first kings (Stephen I: 15; Stephen I: 17; Stephen I: 21; Stephen I: 25; Stephen I: 32; Stephen I: 35; Stephen II: 4; Stephen II: 6; Ladislas III: 29)
|
| "...for arson of houses penalty of sixteen young oxen worth forty solidi is imposed (King Stephen I: 25)"
|
Relation: crimes obviously punished by fine in young oxen in laws of the first kings (Stephen I: 15; Stephen I: 17; Stephen I: 21; Stephen I: 25; Stephen I: 27; Stephen I: 35; Stephen II: 4; Stephen II: 6; Ladislas III: 29)
|
| "... for invasion of houses penalty of one hundred young oxen is imposed for ispan; ten young oxen in case of warrior; five in case of a commoner (King Stephen I: 35)"
|
Relation: crimes obviously punished by fine in young oxen in laws of the first kings (Stephen I: 15; Stephen I: 17; Stephen I: 21; Stephen I: 25; Stephen I: 27; Stephen I: 32; Stephen II: 4; Stephen II: 6; Ladislas III: 29)
| The Laws of King Stephen II
|
|
|
| "...every ten villages were supposed to build a church and endow it with a horse and mare and six oxen and two cows and thirty small animals (King Stephen II: 1)"
|
|
| "...for liberation of a slave who killed a freeman payment of one hundred and ten young oxen was required (King Stephen II: 4)"
|
Relation: fine and compensation of damages was often paid in young oxen in the statutory laws of the first kings (Stephen I: 15; Stephen I: 17; Stephen I: 21; Stephen I: 25; Stephen I: 27; Stephen I: 32; Stephen I: 35; Stephen II: 6; Ladislas III: 29)
|
| "...for theft committed by a bondman compensation of five young oxen was required as a redemption for the nose of the thief; in case of the second theft another five young oxen as redemption of his ears (King Stephen II: 4)"
|
Relation:penalties often imposed in young oxen in the statutory laws of the first kings (Stephen I: 15; Stephen I: 17; Stephen I: 21; Stephen I: 25; Stephen I: 27; Stephen I: 32; Stephen I: 35; Stephen II: 4; Ladislas III: 29)
|
|
| "...if someone is tracing a stolen object, villagers are not allowed to destroy the traces by turning out their beasts (King Ladislas II: 5)"
|
|
| "...if bondman or freeman steals a goose or a hen he shall lose one eye and restore the stolen thing (King Ladislas II: 12)"
|
Relation: similar price range of caused damage is used in case of cleric-thief (Ladislas II: 13)
|
| "...cleric who has stolen a goose or a hen or fruit or something similar - punished by switches (King Ladislas II: 13)"
|
Relation: similar price range of caused damage is used in case of bondman or freeman (Ladislas II: 12)
|
| "...for stealing a thing worth less than ten denariis thief repays twelve times and additionaly an ox (Ladislas II: 14)"
|
Relation: otherwise crimes punished obviously by payment in young oxen (Stephen I: 15; Stephen I: 17; Stephen I: 21; Stephen I: 25; Stephen I: 27; Stephen I: 32; Stephen I: 35; Stephen II: 4; Stephen II: 6; Ladislas III: 29)
|
| "...no merchant is allowed to buy or sell an ox or a horse along the frontiers of Hungarian kingdom - only if for plowing or transport (Ladislas II: 15)"
|
Relation: special regime of the sale of horses and oxen is mentioned also in Ladislas II: 16; II: 17; II: 18
|
| "...who intends to sell a horse in the area of frontiers shall be deprived of the horse and put in prison until his innocence is verified (Ladislas II: 16)"
|
Relation: special regime of the sale of horses and oxen is mentioned also in Ladislas II: 15; II: 17; II: 18
|
| "...ispan who allows horses and oxen to be sold beyond the frontiers shall be deprived of his office (Ladislas II: 17)"
|
Relation: special regime of the sale of horses and oxen is mentioned also in Ladislas II: 15; II: 16; II: 18
|
| "...aliens who come to the frontier to buy a horse need licence of the king (Ladislas II: 17)"
|
special regime of the sale of horses and oxen is mentioned also in Ladislas II: 15; II: 16; II: 18
|
|
| "...collector of stray things keeps all the collected cattle until Michaelmas and then divides it; similarly with collected sheep and oxen (Ladislas III: 13)"
|
|
| "...horses left to someone by couriers should be given to the king if their master does not come in three weeks; horses of thieves can be retained by the person who caught the thief (Ladislas III: 14)
|
Relation: horse of courier is mentioned also in Ladislas III: 28
|
| "...a horse found as an "usucaption" can be redeemed by his owner for twelve denariis; an ox for five (Ladislas III: 20)
|
|
| "...royal courier can take horses wherever he finds them; but can not lead them farther than to the third village (Ladislas III: 20)
|
Relation: horses of courier are mentioned also in Ladislas III: 14
|
| "...who beats or stops someone searching for lost thing or fugitive slave will be fined by ten young oxen worth ten pensae (Ladislas III: 29)
|
Relation: fines often imposed in young oxen in laws of the first Hungarian kings (Stephen I: 15; Stephen I: 17; Stephen I: 21; Stephen I: 25; Stephen I: 27; Stephen I: 32; Stephen I: 35; Stephen II: 4; Stephen II: 6)
|
|
| "...fishponds given to churches and monasteries should be returned (Coloman: 16)
|
|
| "...king or duke entering a county shall be given a horse - owner will be given fifteen pensae in case it dies; half of the price will be paid in case it will get injured; in case of major news ispan sends four war horses to the king - in case they will be hurt or will die the same amount will be paid (Coloman: 36)"
|
|
| "...if ispan can get horses and enough money from free men in his villages he will provide the king with one man in armour (Coloman: 40)"
|
|
| "...free men who provide the king with horses and services pay only four denariis instead of eight (Coloman: 36)"
|
|
| "... shmaelites abstaining from pork shall be considered to belong to the king (Coloman: 41, 49)"
|
Relation: Coloman: 49 on Ishmaelites and their obligation to eat pork in case of receiving a guest; Stephen I: 10 punishes those who eat meat on Ember days; Stephen I: 11 punishes eating meat on Friday; the canons of the synod of Szabolcs - art. 31 - force Latins to abstain from meat on Mondays and Tuesdays
|
| "...if someone steals four-footed animal he will be judged as thief (Coloman: 54)"
|
Relation: stealing a goose or a hen is punished in Ladislas II: 12; Ladislas II: 13
|
| "...if a horse is lost in a village visited by the king - the people of nearby village known as thieves will be responsible (Coloman: 61)"
|
responsibility for the loss of horses in a village is regulated also in Coloman: 63
|
| "...if horses of travelers are lost in a village - the villagers will be responsible (Coloman: 63)"
|
responsibility for the loss of a horse in a village is regulated also in Coloman: 62
|
| "...clerics should not wear secular clothing - namely slit fur cloak or fur cap etc. (Coloman: 70)"
|
|
| "...no one is allowed to buy a Hungarian horse; if one does and is charged with its theft - one can search for the seller of the horse - but not in foreign lands (Coloman: 70)"
|
|
| "... no one is allowed to sell any animal outside of Hungary except of male cattle (boves masculos)(Coloman: 77)"
|
|
| "...the bishops shall not give the tithes from the properties of servientes of king's horses (the Golden Bull of Andrew II - art. 21, 1222)
|
|
| -
|
Time period:
King Stephen I 1000-1030
King Stephen II
King Ladislas II
King Ladislas III 1077-1200
King Coloman I 1095-1104
Szechenyi National Library,Clmae 433; Clmae 407; Fol. Lat. 4023
Codex Thuroczi - Cod. Lat. 407; Codex Ilosvay - Fol. Lat. 4023
Bak, Janos M., Gyorgy Bonis, James Ross Sweeney, ed. and tr. The Laws of the medieval kingdom of Hungary. Vol. 1: 1000-1301. Decreta regni mediaevalis Hungariae. Tom. I: 1000-1301. The Laws of Hungary. Series I: 1000-1526. 2nd revised ed. Idyllwild, CA: Charles Schlacks, Jr., 1999. Zavodsky, Levente. A szent Istvan, szent Laszlo es Kalman korabeli torvenyek es zsinati hatarozatok forrasai. Budapest: Szent-Istvan-Tarsulat Tud. es Irod. Osztalya. 1904.
