As the following examples will show, animals are mentioned in many different contexts:
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context
| The Laws of King Stephen - book I
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| "...if anyone will be found working on Sunday with an ox, the ox will be confiscated and given to the men of the castle to be eaten..." (Stephen I: 8).
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Relation: the same is for a horse (Stephen I: 8) - but it can be redeemed with an ox...
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| horse "...if anyone will be found working on Sunday with a horse - the horse will be confiscated - it can be redeemed with an ox.."
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Relation: similar regulation relating working with an ox - should be taken and given to the men of the castle to be eaten (Stephen I: 8).
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| "...if someone eats meat on Ember days he shall be incarcerated for a week...(King Stephen I: 10)"
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Relation: same punishment imposed for eating meat on Friday (Stephen I: 11); on the other hand Ishmaelits were forced to eat pork meat (Coloman: 46; Coloman: 49); Latins were forced to abstain from meat on Mondays and Tuesdays (the canons of the synod of Szabolcs - art. 31).
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| "...if someone eats meat on Friday he shall be incarcerated for a week (King Stephen I: 11)..."
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Relation: same punishment imposed for eating meat on Ember days (Stephen I: 10); on the other hand Ishmaelits were forced to eat pork meat (Coloman: 46; Coloman: 49); Latins were forced to abstain from meat on Mondays and Tuesdays (the canons of the synod of Szabolcs - art. 31).
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| "...ispan is obliged to pay fifty young oxen to the kindred of his wife which he killed; warrior or wealthy man ten; commoner five (King Stephen I: 15)"
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Relation: crimes obviously punished by composition in young oxen in laws of the first kings (Stephen I: 17; Stephen I: 21; Stephen I: 25; Stephen I: 27; Stephen I: 32; Stephen I: 35; Stephen II: 4; Stephen II: 6; Ladislas III: 29)
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| "... perjury is punished by loss of hand or its redemption with fifty young oxen; in case of commoner twelve young oxen (King Stephen I: 17)"
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Relation: crimes obviously punished by fine in young oxen in laws of the first kings - Stephen I: 15; Stephen I: 21; Stephen I: 25; Stephen I: 27; Stephen I: 32; Stephen I: 35; Stephen II: 4; Stephen II: 6; Ladislas III: 29)..."
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| "... procuring liberty for a bondman of other person is punished by fine of fifty young oxen; in case of commoner twelve young oxen (King Stephen I: 21)"
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Relation: crimes obviously punished by fine in young oxen in laws of the first kings (Stephen I: 15; Stephen I: 17; Stephen I: 25; Stephen I: 27; Stephen I: 32; Stephen I: 35; Stephen II: 4; Stephen II: 6; Ladislas III: 29)
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| "...for beating a person looking for fled warrior or bondman a fine of ten young oxen is imposed (King Stephen I: 25)"
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Relation: crimes obviously punished by fine in young oxen in laws of the first kings (Stephen I: 15; Stephen I: 17; Stephen I: 21; Stephen I: 27; Stephen I: 32; Stephen I: 35; Stephen II: 4; Stephen II: 6; Ladislas III: 29)
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| "...or abduction of a girl abductor pays ten young oxen; commoner five young oxen (King Stephen I: 27)"
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Relation: crimes obviously punished by fine in young oxen in laws of the first kings (Stephen I: 15; Stephen I: 17; Stephen I: 21; Stephen I: 25; Stephen I: 32; Stephen I: 35; Stephen II: 4; Stephen II: 6; Ladislas III: 29)
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| "...for arson of houses penalty of sixteen young oxen worth forty solidi is imposed (King Stephen I: 25)"
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Relation: crimes obviously punished by fine in young oxen in laws of the first kings (Stephen I: 15; Stephen I: 17; Stephen I: 21; Stephen I: 25; Stephen I: 27; Stephen I: 35; Stephen II: 4; Stephen II: 6; Ladislas III: 29)
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| "... for invasion of houses penalty of one hundred young oxen is imposed for ispan; ten young oxen in case of warrior; five in case of a commoner (King Stephen I: 35)"
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Relation: crimes obviously punished by fine in young oxen in laws of the first kings (Stephen I: 15; Stephen I: 17; Stephen I: 21; Stephen I: 25; Stephen I: 27; Stephen I: 32; Stephen II: 4; Stephen II: 6; Ladislas III: 29)
| The Laws of King Stephen - book II
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| "...every ten villages were supposed to build a church and endow it with a horse and mare and six oxen and two cows and thirty small animals (King Stephen II: 1)"
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| "...for liberation of a slave who killed a freeman payment of one hundred and ten young oxen was required (King Stephen II: 4)"
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Relation: fine and compensation of damages was often paid in young oxen in the statutory laws of the first kings (Stephen I: 15; Stephen I: 17; Stephen I: 21; Stephen I: 25; Stephen I: 27; Stephen I: 32; Stephen I: 35; Stephen II: 6; Ladislas III: 29)
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| "...for theft committed by a bondman compensation of five young oxen was required as a redemption for the nose of the thief; in case of the second theft another five young oxen as redemption of his ears (King Stephen II: 4)"
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Relation:penalties often imposed in young oxen in the statutory laws of the first kings (Stephen I: 15; Stephen I: 17; Stephen I: 21; Stephen I: 25; Stephen I: 27; Stephen I: 32; Stephen I: 35; Stephen II: 4; Ladislas III: 29)
| The Laws of Ladislas - book II
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| "...if someone is tracing a stolen object, villagers are not allowed to destroy the traces by turning out their beasts (King Ladislas II: 5)"
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| "...if bondman or freeman steals a goose or a hen he shall lose one eye and restore the stolen thing (King Ladislas II: 12)"
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Relation: similar price range of caused damage is used in case of cleric-thief (Ladislas II: 13)
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| "...cleric who has stolen a goose or a hen or fruit or something similar - punished by switches (King Ladislas II: 13)"
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Relation: similar price range of caused damage is used in case of bondman or freeman (Ladislas II: 12)
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| "...for stealing a thing worth less than ten denariis thief repays twelve times and additionaly an ox (Ladislas II: 14)"
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Relation: otherwise crimes punished obviously by payment in young oxen (Stephen I: 15; Stephen I: 17; Stephen I: 21; Stephen I: 25; Stephen I: 27; Stephen I: 32; Stephen I: 35; Stephen II: 4; Stephen II: 6; Ladislas III: 29)
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| "...no merchant is allowed to buy or sell an ox or a horse along the frontiers of Hungarian kingdom - only if for plowing or transport (Ladislas II: 15)"
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Relation: special regime of the sale of horses and oxen is mentioned also in Ladislas II: 16; II: 17; II: 18
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| "...who intends to sell a horse in the area of frontiers shall be deprived of the horse and put in prison until his innocence is verified (Ladislas II: 16)"
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Relation: special regime of the sale of horses and oxen is mentioned also in Ladislas II: 15; II: 17; II: 18
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| "...ispan who allows horses and oxen to be sold beyond the frontiers shall be deprived of his office (Ladislas II: 17)"
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Relation: special regime of the sale of horses and oxen is mentioned also in Ladislas II: 15; II: 16; II: 18
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| "...aliens who come to the frontier to buy a horse need licence of the king (Ladislas II: 17)"
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special regime of the sale of horses and oxen is mentioned also in Ladislas II: 15; II: 16; II: 18
| The Laws of Ladislas - book III
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| "...collector of stray things keeps all the collected cattle until Michaelmas and then divides it; similarly with collected sheep and oxen (Ladislas III: 13)"
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| "...horses left to someone by couriers should be given to the king if their master does not come in three weeks; horses of thieves can be retained by the person who caught the thief (Ladislas III: 14)
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Relation: horse of courier is mentioned also in Ladislas III: 28
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| "...a horse found as an "usucaption" can be redeemed by his owner for twelve denariis; an ox for five (Ladislas III: 20)
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| "...royal courier can take horses wherever he finds them; but can not lead them farther than to the third village (Ladislas III: 20)
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Relation: horses of courier are mentioned also in Ladislas III: 14
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| "...who beats or stops someone searching for lost thing or fugitive slave will be fined by ten young oxen worth ten pensae (Ladislas III: 29)
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Relation: fines often imposed in young oxen in laws of the first Hungarian kings (Stephen I: 15; Stephen I: 17; Stephen I: 21; Stephen I: 25; Stephen I: 27; Stephen I: 32; Stephen I: 35; Stephen II: 4; Stephen II: 6)
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| "...fishponds given to churches and monasteries should be returned (Coloman: 16)
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| "...king or duke entering a county shall be given a horse - owner will be given fifteen pensae in case it dies; half of the price will be paid in case it will get injured; in case of major news ispan sends four war horses to the king - in case they will be hurt or will die the same amount will be paid (Coloman: 36)"
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| "...if ispan can get horses and enough money from free men in his villages he will provide the king with one man in armour (Coloman: 40)"
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| "...free men who provide the king with horses and services pay only four denariis instead of eight (Coloman: 36)"
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| "... shmaelites abstaining from pork shall be considered to belong to the king (Coloman: 41, 49)"
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Relation: Coloman: 49 on Ishmaelites and their obligation to eat pork in case of receiving a guest; Stephen I: 10 punishes those who eat meat on Ember days; Stephen I: 11 punishes eating meat on Friday; the canons of the synod of Szabolcs - art. 31 - force Latins to abstain from meat on Mondays and Tuesdays
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| "...if someone steals four-footed animal he will be judged as thief (Coloman: 54)"
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Relation: stealing a goose or a hen is punished in Ladislas II: 12; Ladislas II: 13
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| "...if a horse is lost in a village visited by the king - the people of nearby village known as thieves will be responsible (Coloman: 61)"
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responsibility for the loss of horses in a village is regulated also in Coloman: 63
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| "...if horses of travelers are lost in a village - the villagers will be responsible (Coloman: 63)"
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responsibility for the loss of a horse in a village is regulated also in Coloman: 62
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| "...clerics should not wear secular clothing - namely slit fur cloak or fur cap etc. (Coloman: 70)"
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| "...no one is allowed to buy a Hungarian horse; if one does and is charged with its theft - one can search for the seller of the horse - but not in foreign lands (Coloman: 70)"
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| "... no one is allowed to sell any animal outside of Hungary except of male cattle (boves masculos)(Coloman: 77)"
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| "...the bishops shall not give the tithes from the properties of servientes of king's horses (the Golden Bull of Andrew II - art. 21, 1222)
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| "...the king's pigs shall not be pastured in the forests or meadows of the servientes against their will (the Golden Bull of Andrew II - art. 22, 1222)
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the same regulation is to be found in confirmationof Golden Bull in 1231 - art. 17
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| "...the king will receive revenues from the bucket tax and tolls and the ox-tax (the Golden Bull of Andrew II - art. 29, 1222)
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the same norm is in confirmation of Golden Bull from 1231 - art. 21
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| "...who hunts on Sundays and feast days shall lose his dogs and horse; but he may redeem the horse with an ox (the canons of the synod of Szabolcs (the first book of the laws of king Ladislas) - art. 12, 20/5/1092)
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similar norm on non-observance of Sunday is in Stephen I: 8 and in the canons of the synod of Szabolcs - art. 15
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| "...who neglects the church on Sunday or major feasts by visiting the markets shall lose his horse (the canons of the synod of Szabolcs (the first book of the laws of king Ladislas) - art. 15, 20/5/1092)
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Relation: similar norm on non-observance of Sunday is in Stephen I: 8 and in the canons of synod of Szabolcs - art. 12
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| "... who makes a sacrifice next to wells or gives offerings to trees or fountains or stones shall pay for his offense with an ox (the canons of the synod of Szabolcs (the first book of the laws of king Ladislas) - art. 22, 20/5/1092)"
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Relation: ox often used as measure of financial punishment in the legal texts of early Hungarian legal history (Stephen I: 15; Stephen I: 17; Stephen I: 21; Stephen I: 25; Stephen I: 27; Stephen I: 32; Stephen I: 35; Stephen II: 4; Stephen II: 6; Ladislas III: 29)
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| "... who does not abstain from meat on Monday and Tuesday like Hungarians do shall leave the country - but leave here the money acquired here (the canons of the synod of Szabolcs (the first book of the laws of king Ladislas) - art. 31, 20/5/1092)"
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Relation: abstaining from meat regulated also in Stephen I: 11; Stephen I: 12; in case of Ishmaelites in Coloman: 46; Coloman: 49
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| "...bishop who receives tithes from cattle born in another diocese shall give a quarter to the priests (the first book of the laws of king Ladislas) - art. 33, 20/5/1092)"
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Relation: problem of bishop's tithes is treated also in art. 40 of the canons of the synod of Szabolcs
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| "...tithes for the bishop are gathered by questioning the owners about the amount of the grain or beasts they have (the constitutions of the synod of Esztergom - art. 64 (Bak) or art. 65 (Zavodszky), 20/05/1092"
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Relation: the canons of the synod of Szabolcs treat in art. 33 similar problem of tithes
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| "...no Christian shall buy the meat that Jews despise (the constitutions of the synod of Esztergom - art. 63 (Bak) or 64 (Zavodszky), 1105-1116)"
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| "...tithes shall not be demanded from the barns or the cellars or sheepfolds of the monasteries (the constitutions of the synod of Esztergom - art. 64 (Bak) or art. 65 (Zavodszky) 1105-1116)"
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| "... bondmen of churches who have their own oxen shall retain half of what they cultivated; otherwise only one third (the constitutions of the synod of Esztergom - art. 67, 1105-1116)"
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Szechenyi National Library,Clmae 433; Clmae 407; Fol. Lat. 4023
Codex Thuroczi - Cod. Lat. 407; Codex Ilosvay - Fol. Lat. 4023
Bak, Janos M., Gyorgy Bonis, James Ross Sweeney, ed. and tr. The Laws of the medieval kingdom of Hungary. Vol. 1: 1000-1301. Decreta regni mediaevalis Hungariae. Tom. I: 1000-1301. The Laws of Hungary. Series I: 1000-1526. 2nd revised ed. Idyllwild, CA: Charles Schlacks, Jr., 1999.
Zavodsky, Levente. A szent Istvan, szent Laszlo es Kalman korabeli torvenyek es zsinati hatarozatok forrasai. Budapest: Szent-Istvan-Tarsulat Tud. es Irod. Osztalya. 1904.
